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Documentary Examines Boot Camps for Media-Addicted Kids

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<i><b>The documentary “Web Junkie”, soon to be shown on PBS, examines Chinese children’s excessive use of computer games and may have relevance for American parents who have children who spend hours each day in front of a screen.<br>The film addresses the tragic effects on teens in China who have become addicted to video games and who play for dozens of hours without eating, sleeping, or using the bathroom. Some, writes Jane E. Brody of The New York Times, have come to see the real world as artificial.<br>Rehabilitation centers have been established to treat what Chinese doctors are calling a clinical disorder, where kids are confined sometimes for months, isolated from all media, and undergo therapy that is often draconian. None of these methods, so far, have been proven to be effective.<br>This addiction to media is not referred to as a clinical disorder in the US, but many American young people start at an early age to use technology to entertain themselves and spend more time on these devices than experts consider healthy. A Kaiser Family Foundation study in 2010 reported the average 8- to 10-year-old spends almost eight hours a day on varying media devices, and older children and teens spend more than 11 hours per day with media. Television use takes first place timewise, but computers, tablets, and cellphones follow closely.<br>The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no exposure to any electronic media before the age of two because children of this age learn best by interaction with people. Older kids and teens should spend only one or two hours per day with entertainment media and then spend more free time outdoors, reading, doing hobbies, and using their imaginations in free play.<br>While some parents limit the time their children can spend in front of a TV or computer, two-thirds of kids surveyed in the Kaiser study reported their parents had no rules at all concerning time spent on media, writes Nicole Oran of the MedCity News.<br>“We’re throwing screens at children all day long, giving them distractions rather than teaching them how to self-soothe, to calm themselves down,” Catherine Steiner-Adair, a Harvard-affiliated clinical psychologist and author of “The Big Disconnect: Protecting Childhood and Family Relationships in the Digital Age” told The New York Times.<br>Spending so many hours in front of a screen can also cause a desensitization from violence and, at some point, can become a detriment to children’s learning abilities. Kids who see a lot of simulated violence can become less empathetic and may act out violently, according to Dimitri A. Christakis of the Seattle Children’s Research Institute.newsMax’s Sylvia Booth Hubbard references a statement made by Drew Altman, Ph.D., President and CEO of the Kaiser Family Foundation:<br>“The amount of time young people spend with media has grown to where it’s even more than a full-time work week. When children are spending this much time doing anything, we need to understand how it’s affecting them – for good and bad.”<br>So, is the Chinese boot camp effective? Is it curing the affected kids? Should teens undergo this kind of treatment.</b></i></div>

Documentary Examines Boot Camps for Media-Addicted Kids

The documentary “Web Junkie”, soon to be shown on PBS, examines Chinese children’s excessive use of computer games and may have relevance...

Wearable Tech Responds to Brain Signals with Classroom Uses

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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This last week’s adaptive learning summit by the National Education Initiative showcased some interesting technology, including a piece of headgear that can “read’ the minds of students for a more immersive and effective learning experience.nish Sonwalkar is the chair of professional development at the MIT Club of Boston and CEO of a company named intellADAPT, writes Nichole Dobo of the Hechinger Report. He has created a working model of a headband that can read and respond to the brain’s electrical signals. He predicts that it will be ready for classroom use in two or three years and will cost about as much as a cheap laptop.</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This would open up opportunities for teachers to adjust their teaching style in real time. For example, they can more effectively understand how engaged their students are, and measure which activities improve it.this sounds like the wave of the future, but it’s not a new idea. Technology that can respond directly to the brains of its users has been in the works for a few years.</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Toronto-based technology company InteraXon designed a similar headband that responds to the brain’s electrical signals, dubbing it Muse. The company was founded in 2007 and raised money for the project using Indiegogo. Muse uses EEG (electroencephalography) sensors to monitor brain activity and can use Bluetooth to send its information to any device that is compatible with its app.</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">With practice you can learn to manipulate your brainwave pattern, like flexing a muscle you’ve never used before.it sends those brainwaves to your smartphone or tablet showing you how well your brain is performing, and also translates your brainwaves into instructions to interact with content on your iOS or Android device.</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">So far, it has mainly been used to help users learn how to relieve stress based on stressed-out versus relaxed brain patterns, but can also be used to control simple appliances like turning a beer tap on and off.interaXon’s founder and CEO Ariel Garten is a “neuro-consultant.” Elijah Wolfson of Newsweek quoted Garten on the transition of the technology into the consumer market:</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is the first EEG device that’s really a consumer product, that’s designed for ease of use, and comes with an app that’s really meaningful.</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Once InteraXon improves the app’s ability to read Muse’s signals, plans include collecting data to improve healthcare, creating playlists based on mood, recommending breathing exercises for when you’re stressed, and integrating with dating websites based on your emotional responses to movies and music. In the future, this technology can be integrated with devices and smart homes, allowing for direct control of technology, according to Rachel Feltman of Quartz.</span></i></b><br />
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Wearable Tech Responds to Brain Signals with Classroom Uses

This last week’s adaptive learning summit by the National Education Initiative showcased some interesting technology, including a piece ...

Technology in Schools Not Boosting Achievement

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<i><b>A new report from the OECD shows that “moderate” technology use in the classroom can improve learning, but that too much screen time is linked with a decrease in performance.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>The report, entitled “Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection,” was released by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development who based the study on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) results. The PISA tests are given to 60,000 15-year-olds in 32 countries and the data is used to analyze the school systems between nations.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>The report states that the implementation of technology is not an automatic achievement-booster:</b></i></div>
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<i><b>Limited use of computers at school may be better than no use at all, but levels of computer use above the current … average are associated with significantly poorer results.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>Put simply, ensuring that every child reaches a baseline level of proficiency in reading and mathematics seems to do more to create equal opportunities in a digital world than can be achieved by expanding or subsidizing access to high-tech devices and services.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>Moderation is key, writes Joy Resmovits in the Los Angeles Times. Students should use computers only for certain activities that really benefit from the addition of technology. Students who use computers for drills in school at least once a week score more than 20 points lower than students who don’t.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>OECD education director Andreas Schleicher suggested that how we view technology in the classroom should be re-evaluated:</b></i><i><b>s</b></i><b style="font-style: italic;">tudents who use computers very frequently in school don’t outperform students who use them moderately, even when we modify for social background.</b></div>
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<i><b>If you have 21st century technology added to 20th century classrooms, it might be unrelated and take opportunities away. Schools probably haven’t become good enough at the kind of pedagogies that use technology well.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>If it’s used on a smaller scale, which is more useful, it’s usually more interactive teaching. If you want students to become smarter than a smartphone you have to think about instructional methodology and learning environment.</b></i><i><b>we are quite disappointed by the findings in general. Bringing technologies to the classroom didn’t seem to be related to positive skills outcomes.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>According to a survey, students in OECD countries spent around 25 minutes online at school. Australia came in the highest with about 58 minutes, and South Korean students spent less than ten, reports Business Insider.</b></i><i><b>american students taking the PISA felt more comfortable answering questions from a keyboard. They scored better on the digital reading test than on paper, scoring slightly above average. The math test had similar results, with digital scores around the OECD average, and below average scores on the paper test.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>The group also administered a digital skills test dealing with navigating web pages, using browsers, and making charts on the computer, according to Arjun Kharpal of CNBC. The list top-performing countries (Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, Canada, and Shanghai) closely mirrors the results of the organization’s 2012 print reading test, implying that basic and traditional skills are all one really needs to succeed in a digital environment.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>Students who spend six hours online every weekday were more likely to report feeling lonely at school and arriving late or skipping school in the two weeks before the test.</b></i></div>
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<i><b>In 2012, 96% of 15-year-olds in OECD countries said that they had a computer at home, but only 72% said that they use computers or tablets at school, Schleicher writes in a BBC piece. For some countries, the number was less than half.</b></i></div>
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Technology in Schools Not Boosting Achievement

A new report from the OECD shows that “moderate” technology use in the classroom can improve learning, but that too much screen time is l...

Jones Ousted as University of Mississippi Chancello

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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Students at the University of Mississippi are up in arms over the ousting of Chancellor Dan Jones, carrying red and white signs offering their support and asking classmates to sign a petition and attend a protest rally on campus.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>The sudden decision has been met with an outpouring of emotion from angry alumni and faculty as well.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>“This is a guy who was doing right in my eyes, and because he was doing right and standing up for what he believes in, he’s no longer allowed to be in that position,” said Chandler McKinley, a sophomore from Raleigh, N.C.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>The 12-member board came to the decision quickly in what is being called a “cowardly manner” by Sam R. Hall for The Clarion-Ledger.  No public announcement was made concerning the decision that was made only four days after Jones had returned to work following lymphoma treatment.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>A statement was made the day after the decision was handed down in which the board said that while they were pleased with his leadership skills, their concerns stemmed from a financial angle over the University of Mississippi Medical Center, which Jones also oversees.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Students on campus are angered by the decision, with many of them gathering together to form the grassroots movement “Students for Chancellor Jones,” the group in charge of the rally set to be held in an effort to get the board to overturn their decision.  Many appreciated his efforts to make the campus inclusive and lessen the racial climate once found to be controversial, writes Kayleigh Skinner for The Jackson Free Press.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>“Well, honestly, a lot of us are shocked,” said senior Phillip Waller. “This blindsided us. We couldn’t believe that a chancellor that has given so much to this university and made the university succeed in so many ways was unceremoniously dumped.”</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>A number of efforts to reverse the decision have been started on campus, including an online petition on change.org, which currently has over 7,000 signatures.  In addition, the faculty senate will be holding a vote concerning a resolution, and State Representative Steve Holland is at work to have a resolution passed in the Mississippi legislature.  About 60 students and faculty members attended the most recent IHL meeting in support of Jones.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>“Losing Dr. Jones’s presence on campus – I think there would be a general morose feeling on campus. It would be like we had lost, you know, a member of our family,” student Sarah Stewart said.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Similar rulings made concerning educational leaders in Virginia and Texas were both overturned due to pressure from students and faculty members.  However, the Board of Trustees for the Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning (IHL) does not seem to be considering a reversal.</i></span><br />
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Jones Ousted as University of Mississippi Chancello

Students at the University of Mississippi are up in arms over the ousting of Chancellor Dan Jones, carrying red and white signs offering t...

Data Shows US Kids Inadequately Hydrated

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Data shows that a broad cross-section of  kids ages 6 to 19 are not drinking any water as part of their daily fluid intake. In fact, a majority of children and teens are not drinking enough fluids in general and are walking around in a mildly dehydrated state, says a new study.</div>
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Postdoctoral researcher Erica Kenney at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health and her colleagues retrieved information about children’s consumption of water from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES) and published their findings last week in the American Journal of Public Health, writes Richard Harris for NPR.</div>
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At first, the Harvard study was based on the consumption of sugary drinks in schools and the ways in which kids could be steered to drinking water instead. After the study began, they found that children were not drinking much fluid at all and they wondered if that was creating problems.</div>
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The NHNES includes testing of urine that revealed whether the participants are hydrated. The report showed that more than half of the thousands of students studied between 2009 and 2012 were somewhat dehydrated.</div>
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“This doesn’t mean we’re saying kids are dropping like flies or that they’re very seriously dehydrated and need to go to the hospital or anything like that,” Kenney says. “But even mild dehydration can affect children’s fatigue levels, mood and possibly their ability to learn,” she says.</div>
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Kenny was concerned when the study showed many children drink no water at all and those who did drink water were not drinking very much of it. The Institute of Medicine says children and teenagers should be drinking around two to three quarts (48-72 oz.) of water daily, which includes water in food, juicy fruits, and vegetables, based on age, size and sex. Research suggests that adolescent boys normally need to drink more water than girls.</div>
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Some schools have had trouble providing tap water to students because of infrastructure with aging plumbing, along with concerns about lead in the water. Some schools offer bottled water, but it is an expensive solution and the mechanics of serving it are difficult.</div>
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“There’s a lot of research out there to suggest that even mild levels of dehydration are enough to impact cognitive functioning and mood in kids,” Kenney says.</div>
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Long-term and severe dehydration can result in serious health problems with circulation, metabolism, temperature regulation, and waste removal, but even mild levels of dehydration can lead to headaches, dry mouth, dizziness, irritability, increased heart rate, and poorer physical performance, writes Ashley Welch of CBS News.</div>
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Senior author Steven Gortmaker, a professor of the practice of health sociology, says the solution to this public health problem is simple: focus on helping children drink more water.</div>
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Robert Preidt, reporting for HealthDay, quotes an expert in in child health on the importance of hydration:</div>
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“Children can be more susceptible to dehydration than adults,” said Nancy Copperman, who directs public health initiatives at North Shore-LIJ Health System in Great Neck, N.Y.</div>
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That, “coupled with an already impaired hydration status, can have physiological problems such as [neurological] issues, increased demands on their kidneys and heat stroke,” she explained.</div>
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It could be that children do not ingest enough water while they are at school because they prefer not to use the bathrooms at school, possibly because of lack of privacy, embarrassment, or even bullying.</div>
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Copperman also suggested that water sent to school in students’ lunch boxes should be frozen so that is is cold when lunchtime rolls around. She adds that thirst is not a good indicator of the need for water, so parents should make sure kids have access to water throughout the day.</div>
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Also, water infused with fruit, cucumbers, or mint makes water more appealing to children.</div>
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Data Shows US Kids Inadequately Hydrated

Data shows that a broad cross-section of kids ages 6 to 19 are not drinking any water as part of their daily fluid intake. In fact, a ma...

Researchers Find Racial Bias in Treatment of Kids with Appendicitis

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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Researchers using a national survey data base from 2003 to 2010 found that black children with acute appendicitis, an extremely painful condition, were less likely than white children to get painkillers in the emergency room. And only about half of children of any race got painkillers even though it is common protocol to administer painkillers in cases of appendicitis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“Black patients with moderate pain were less likely to receive any analgesia, and black patients with severe pain were less likely to be treated with opioids,” Dr. Monika Goyal of the Children’s National Health System in Washington and colleagues wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association’s JAMA Pediatrics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Why does this happen? It may be a combination of unwarranted fear of opioids and an unconscious bias against African-American kids, according to experts. Researchers believed that a study focused on appendicitis cases in general would be helpful, because medical experts broadly agree that the condition merits pain relief measures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Of the kids in emergency rooms for appendicitis, only 57% received anything for their pain, and only 41% were given an opioid drug. Only 12% of black children were given an opioid for pain relief. Goyal wrote that the findings suggest that there are racial disparities in the administration of opioids to children with appendicitis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Furthermore, the findings suggest that clinicians are reacting to the pain of patients differently if they are black. And though clinicians recognize the pain equally across racial groups, they more often treat black patients with nonopioid analgesia, but treat white patients with opioid analgesia for the same type and amount of pain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Although in the past, painkillers were thought to mask symptoms important for diagnosing stomach pain, that mindset has evolved. There are also protocols to make sure that children who need to take opioids to control severe pain will not overdose or become dependent on the medication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Goyal and his team used data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of almost a million respondents age 21 or younger who were diagnosed with appendicitis in an emergency room, according to Kathryn Doyle of Reuters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“It should also be noted that these data were collected between 2003 and 2010, so some of this information is over a decade old and one might hope that things would be different if the data were collected today,” said Dr. Eric W. Fleegler of Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School.fleegler’s colleague Dr. Neil Schechter, who coauthored an editorial published with the research, said it should be noted that all patients do not experience pain in the same way, with discomfort depending on the duration of symptoms and degree of inflammation. It is typical, however, to prescribe analgesics for appendicitis , said Fleegler and Schechter.                                     </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“The bottom line with all of this is that pain matters, its treatment should be patient centered and individualized, and every patient should feel reassured that they will be treated equally,” Fleegler and Schechter told Reuters Health by email.they added that hospitals should be using national benchmarks to measure how they are doing compared to others nationwide. If there is more or less opioid use for a given condition, an education program for staff could be helpful.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Yasmin Tayag, reporting for Inverse, says that researchers had documented racial disparities related to waiting times, admission rates, and pain management before this study was completed. This, however, is the first time biased practices have been discovered towards children.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A study, Racism and the Empathy for Pain on Our Skin, published in 2011 in Frontiers in Psychology found that white people do not feel the same level of empathy for physical pain in black people as they do for people of their own race.</span></div>

Researchers Find Racial Bias in Treatment of Kids with Appendicitis

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Columbia University

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Columbia University has revised its sexual assault misconduct policy to allow lawyers to attend a student’s hearing and/or disciplinary meeting.<br />
Students will also no longer be able to serve on hearing panels that determine whether a policy violation has occurred.  In their place will be three trained staff members chosen from a group of 12 student affairs administrators.  Students involved in the case will be allowed to bring a lawyer.  Those found guilty will need to complete an sexual assault class in order to remain a student at the school.<br />
Previous accusations will not be allowed in current proceedings unless that student was found guilty or is it “similar to the present allegation.”<br />
“Our goals underlying the new policy are principally these: to strengthen confidence in the university’s handling of reports of sexual assault and other gender-based misconduct, to ensure fairness for all parties involved, and to provide more assistance to students in need,” Columbia President Lee Bollinger said in an email to the student body. “The changes we’ve made also reflect recent guidance from the White House, the US Department of Education, and federal legislation, as well as our own community’s recommendations.”<br />
Earlier this year a case was filed against Columbia University for its inappropriate response to sexual assault cases by 23 students after Columbia student Anna Bahr published a story on Bwog, the campus news site, pertaining to a previous rape case in which a man, accused of sexually assaulting three women, was not punished and was allowed to remain on campus.<br />
According to Tyler Kingkade for The Huffington Post, students are claiming the new policies were put in place after administrators refused to meet with them concerning the previous policy earlier this summer.<br />
“We were explicitly told there would not be a policy review over the summer, even as we asked to be involved in conversations over the summer,” said Sejal Singh, a rising senior who pressured the university to disclose information on how students found responsible for sexual assault were punished.<br />
A small group of students met with the university president’s special adviser earlier this week, and was told of the new policy.  The students were not given a copy of the policy nor were they allowed to offer feedback.<br />
The new policy needed to be in place prior to the start of the school year per new regulations under the Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act, part of the Violence Against Women Act enacted in 2013.  Columbia spokesman Robert Hornsby said the university created many of the provisions “as a direct response to student concerns expressed during the last academic year through a series of formal and informal meetings.<br />
“Still, as the policy’s first page states, student comments and suggestions will be welcome throughout the school year,” Hornsby said.<br />
The University has added six staff members to its Office of Sexual Violence Response and increased training on the topic for incoming freshmen.  A larger support center on campus is also in the works.  However, the school will continue to update and improve the policy as it sees fit.<br />
- See more at: http://www.educationnews.org/higher-education/after-criticism-columbia-university-revamps-sexual-misconduct-policy/#sthash.zTPvmK97.dpuf

Columbia University

Columbia University has revised its sexual assault misconduct policy to allow lawyers to attend a student’s hearing and/or disciplinary ...

University of illinois

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<i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></i><ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">An announcement from the University of Illinois reported a number of school policy violations made by several school administrators who used private emails to hide several pieces of correspondence from the public.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the the administrators named is Chancellor Phyllis Wise, who resigned last week citing “external issues” that have “caused the institution to sway from important tasks at hand”. Wise said she will be stepping down from her position on August 12 with plans to resume her position as a member of staff, writes Ellie Bothwell for Times Higher Education.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In a statement published by the university, she said: “External issues have arisen over the past year that have distracted us from the important tasks at hand. I have concluded that these issues are diverting much needed energy and attention from our goals. I therefore believe the time is right for me to step aside.”</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">According to the statement, faculty members at the school used personal email accounts to discuss a number of matters including issues at the University of Medicine, as well as issues involving the reversal of a job offer to professor Steven Salaita and the hiring of felon James Kilgore, writes Abigale Svoboda for The Daily Illini.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The statement said that the University recently became aware of a number of emails sent by faculty members through personal accounts that had not been included in Freedom of Information Act requests that had been filed over the past year.  When the University became aware, they released emails totaling over 1,100 pages less than 24 hours after Wise announced her resignation.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">According to University spokesman Tom Hardy, the school became aware of the emails when a reference to checking “your other email” was found during a response to a Freedom of Information Act request.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Hardy went on to say that while Wise’s resignation is effective this Wednesday, it is not yet known if the other administrators will be punished or if the information held within the emails will ever be released to the public, reports Tyler Kingkade for The Huffington Post.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It is expected that Wise will take a year off and then return to the school as a member of faculty in the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The university has seen a number of controversies arise over recent years, including allegations that athletes in three sports at the school had been mistreated, as well as a 2009 admissions scandal and a 2012 faculty issue that caused a number of top leaders to resign.</span></b></i></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- See more at: http://www.educationnews.org/higher-education/personal-emails-hide-correspondence-at-university-of-illinois/#sthash.YHiH54nU.dpuf</span></b></i></li>
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</h4>

University of illinois

An announcement from the University of Illinois reported a number of school policy violations made by several school administrators who ...

Flinders University

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<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">The Flinders University of South Australia,</span><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> to as F</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">linders University or simply Flinders, is a public university in Bedford Park, South Australia. Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of navigator Matthew Flinders, who explored and surveyed the South Australian coastline in the early 19th century.the university has established a reputation as a leading research institution with a devotion to innovation. It is a member of the Innovative Research Universities (IRU) Group and ranks in the 10-16 bracket in Australia and 36th in the world of those established less than 50 years. Academically, the university pioneered a cross-disciplinary approach to education, and its faculties of medicine and the humanities are ranked among the nation's top 10.the university is also ranked within the world's top 400 institutions in the Academic Ranking of World Universities.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">In the late 1950s, with the growth of population in South Australia and the University of Adelaide's North Terrace campus reaching full capacity, the need for a second South Australian university was identified. In 1960, Premier Thomas Playford announced that 150 hectares (370 acres) of state government-owned land in Burbank (now Bedford Park) would be allocated to the University of Adelaide for the establishment of a second campus.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">planning began in 1961. The principal-designate of the new campus, economist and professor Peter Karmel, was adamant that the new campus should operate independently from the North Terrace campus. He hoped that the Bedford Park campus would be free to innovate and not be bound by tradition.capital works began in 1962 with a grant of ₤3.8 million from the Australian Universities Commission. Architect Geoff Harrison, in conjunction with architectural firm Hassell, McConnell and Partners, designed a new university that, with future expansions, could eventually accommodate up to 6000 students.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">In 1965, the Australian Labor Party won the state election and Frank Walsh became premier. The ALP wished to break up the University of Adelaide's hegemony over tertiary education in the state, and announced that they intended the Bedford Park campus to be an independent institution.on 17 March 1966, a bill was passed by state parliament officially creating the Flinders University of South Australia. Although the Labor Party had favoured the name "University of South Australia", academic staff wished that the university be named after a "distinguished but uncontroversial" person. They settled upon British navigator Matthew Flinders, who explored and surveyed the South Australian coastline in 1802. Its coat of arms, designed by a professor in the Fine Arts faculty, includes a reproduction of Flinders' ship Investigator and his journal A Voyage to Terra Australis, open to the page in which Flinders described the coast adjacent the campus site.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Flinders University was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, on 25 March 1966.Peter Karmel was the first Vice-Chancellor and Sir Mark Mitchell the first Chancellor. The university began classes on 7 March 1966 with a student enrollment of 400.a significant early initiative was the decision to build the Flinders Medical Centre on land adjacent to the campus and to base the university's Medical School within this new public hospital - the first such integration in Australia. Flinders first accepted undergraduate medical students in 1974, with FMC being opened the following year.In 1990, the biggest building project on campus since the mid-1970s saw work commence on three new buildings - Law and Commerce; Engineering; and Information Science and Technology. Approval for the establishment of a School of Engineering was given in 1991 and degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Biomedical Engineering were established shortly afterwards.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">In 1991, as part of a restructuring of higher education in South Australia, Flinders merged with the adjacent Sturt Campus of the former South Australian College of Advanced Education. In 1992 the present four-faculty structure was adopted with only a minor change to the School structure made in 2011.in 1998, the Centre for Remote Health, a rural teaching hospital based in Alice Springs, was established jointly with the Northern Territory University (now Charles Darwin University). This was expanded further in 2011 with the establishment of the Northern Territory Medical Program.in the past few years the University has grown substantially, establishing new disciplines in a number of areas including Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and more disciplines of Engineering.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">In 2015, the University will open a new campus at Tonsley (the former site of the Mitsubishi Motors Australia plant) in Southern Adelaide. This campus will initially house the University's School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, along with the Medical Device Research Institute and the Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology.The University's main campus is in the Adelaide inner southern suburb of Bedford Park, about 12 km south of the Adelaide city centre. The University also has a presence in Victoria Square in the centre of the city, and Tonsley. It also maintains a number of external teaching facilities in regional South Australia, south-west Victoria and the Northern Territory. International students make up 10% of the on-campus student population and a number of offshore programmes are also offered, primarily in the Asia-Pacific region.Flinders University offers more than 160 undergraduate and postgraduate courses, as well as higher degree research supervision across all disciplines. Many courses use new information and communication technologies to supplement face-to-face teaching and provide flexible options.</span></i></div>

Flinders University

The Flinders University of South Australia, to as F linders University or simply Flinders, is a public university in Bedford Park, Sou...

Aarhus University

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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aarhus University (Danish: Aarhus Universitet, abbreviated AU) is a public university located in Aarhus, Denmark. Founded in 1928, it is Denmark's second oldest university and the largest, with a total of 43,600 enrolled students as of 1 January 2012,after a merger with Aarhus School of Engineering. In most prestigious ranking lists of the world´s best universities, Aarhus University is placed in the top 100. The university belongs to the Coimbra Group of European universities.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Denmark's first professor of sociology was a member of the faculty of Aarhus University (Theodor Geiger, from 1938–1952), and in 1997 Professor Jens Christian Skou received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the sodium-potassium pump. In 2010 Dale T. Mortensen, a Niels Bohr Visiting Professor at Aarhus University, received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences together with his colleagues Peter Diamond and Christopher Pissarides.Aarhus University was founded on 11 September 1928 as Universitetsundervisningen i Jylland ("University Studies in Jutland") with a budget of 33,000 Dkr and an enrollment of 64 students, which rose to 78 during the first semester. The university was founded as a response to the increasing number of students at the University of Copenhagen after World War I. Classrooms were rented from the Technical College and the teaching corps consisted of one professor of philosophy and four associate professors of Danish, English, German and French. Along with Universitets-Samvirket ("The University Association") which consisted of representatives of Aarhus' businesses, organisations and institutions, the municipality of Aarhus had fought since 1921 to have Denmark's next university located in the city.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>In 1929, the municipality of Aarhus gave the university land with a landscape of rolling hills. The design of the university buildings and 12 ha campus area was assigned to architects C. F. Møller, Kay Fisker and Povl Stegmann, who won the architectural competition in 1931. The first buildings housed the Departments of Chemistry, Physics and Anatomy and were opened on 11 September 1933, the same year the name Aarhus University was first used. The construction of the buildings was funded solely by donations which totaled 935,000 Dkr and the buildings covered an area of 4,190m2. One of the most generous contributors was De Forenede Teglværker i Aarhus ("The United Tileworks of Aarhus") led by director K. Nymark. Forenede Teglværker decided to donate 1 million yellow bricks and tiles worth c. 50,000 Dkr and later decided to extend the donation to all bricks needed to construct the building.the inauguration was celebrated in a tent on campus and attended by King Christian X, Queen Alexandrine, their son Crown Prince Frederick and Prime Minister Stauning together with 1000 other invited guests. On 23 April 1934, Aarhus University was given permission to hold examinations by the king and on 10 October 1935, Professor Dr. phil. Ernst Frandsen was appointed the first rector of the university.Since 1939, C. F. Møller Architects has been responsible for building activities of the university which today has a floor area of 246,000m2 in the University Park alone and a series of buildings outside the Park with a total floor area of 59,000m.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>From 1928, Aarhus University offered courses in languages and philosophy, but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to the University of Copenhagen for their final examinations. By request of the Ministry of Education, the Teachers' Association made a draft of how to conduct the final examinations in the humanistic subjects in Aarhus and in the draft, the Association proposed that the faculty was named the Faculty of Humanities by analogy with the corresponding faculties in Uppsala, Lund and Turku. After negotiations between the faculties in Aarhus and Copenhagen, the King declared on 8 May 1935 that the final university examinations could be held at the Faculty of Philosophy in Copenhagen as well as at the Faculty of Humanities in Aarhus. This was the first final examinations Aarhus University was allowed to hold, but on 24 July 1936 the king granted the Faculty of Humanities the right to hold examinations for the magister degree and in 1940 for the PhD.aarhus University had offered courses in basic medical subjects from 1933 and on 10 October 1935 the Faculty of Medicine was formally established. The establishment of a Faculty of Medicine in Aarhus was met with some opposition from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Copenhagen. The professors thought that the state should not establish a new Faculty until the shortcomings of the old one had been solved. In the end, the professors agreed to sign a recommendation for the new Faculty as long as improvements to the old one were not delayed. By 1953, the Faculty of Medicine had been fully built, complete with lectures, professorship chairs, final exams, research facilities and the hospitals of Aarhus had been expanded to meet the demands of clinical training. In 1992, the Faculty of Medicine merged with the dental school and changed its name to Faculty of Health Sciences.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>The university established its Faculty of Economics and Law in 1936, but when it offered courses in political science and in psychology (1959 and 1968, respectively), the faculty changed its name to the Faculty of Social Sciences. The faculty had to be funded solely on private donations and once the university demonstrated it had the needed financial means, the Minister of Education recommended the Finance Committee to approve the establishment of the faculty on 27 January 1936 since the state did not have to grant financial support. The Committee approved and by declaration of the king on 5 November 1937, the faculty could hold examinations in economics and law.courses had been offered in theology since 1932 at the Faculty of Humanities, but in 1942 the Faculty of Theology was formally established. Already on 22 June 1928, Reverend Balslev of Aarhus had proposed that Universitetsundervisningen i Aarhus (not yet university) taught basic courses in theology. Though the proposal was greeted by the management, the Faculty of Theology in Copenhagen pointed out that it would take 3 full-time teachers of the New Testament, Old Testament and ecclesiastical history, respectively as well as education in Latin, Greek and Hebrew by the Faculty of Humanities. At this time, Universitetsundervisningen i Aarhus did not have the financial means to meet these criteria so the case was shelved for the time being. In April 1931, the case reopened, this time by Bishop Skat Hoffmeyer who proposed free teaching in the required subjects. The management asked the faculty in Copenhagen if this was acceptable, but because the teaching was free, the faculty saw it as tutoring rather than actual teaching and they neither approved or disproved of such an approach though they did not see it as actual university teaching. The municipality of Aarhus did not aid with funds and the management deemed a request of the state to be futile so they decided to disregard getting the teaching approved and start it anyway under the supervision of Skat Hoffmeyer. On 5 September 1932 Reverend Asmund held the first lecture in theology. This private education in theology continued until the university could hire its own professors in 1938, and in 1942 Aarhus University could at long last establish the Faculty of Theology.In 1938, the university management acknowledged it was time to consider an expansion because of lack of space and the overcrowding of the auditoriums. The solution was not an administration building, as this was not to be built until 1964. Instead a new main building was planned, containing both the different subject areas as well as the administration. The building was to be organized according to a principle of institutes so that teaching and research took place in certain rooms with their own library and study for the professor.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>The construction of the building took place during the German occupation of Denmark (1940–45) during World War II, which affected the process in more than one way. No state funds had been involved in the construction of the first university building and a second building for physiology, biochemistry, and a high voltage laboratory, but because the Nazis were against civil use of material and working force, the state contributed to the building. In 1943, the Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst, Geheime Feldpolizei and Abwehr set up their regional headquarters in the five student halls of residence on campus. Fearing that the same would happen to the new main building, its completion was delayed. C. F. Møller later wrote that for once there was plenty of time to work on the details of the building, like patterned brickwork, acoustic screens and furniture.the presence of the Gestapo in Aarhus led to multiple arrests of Danish resistance fighters and the resistance movement soon realized they needed outside assistance. On 15 October, the leader of the illegal Danish underground army in Jutland, Niels Bennike, sent the following telegram to London:</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Undergrunden i Jyland ved at blive revet op af Gestapo. Vigtigere at få ødelagt arkiver og bevare vore folk end at bevare arkiver og få ødelagt vore folk. Jeg beder indtrængende om, at kollegium 4 og 5, gentager 4 og 5, må blive ødelagt ved luftangreb. Det er de to vestligste, gentager vestligste, bygninger i universitetskomplekset. Haster, gentager haster.("Underground in Jutland getting torn up by the Gestapo. More important to get the archives destroyed and save our people than getting our people destroyed and save the archives. I implore that residence hall 4 and 5, repeat 4 and 5, be destroyed by air strike. They are the two farthest to the west, repeat farthest to the west, buildings of the university complex. Urgent, repeat urgent.")</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>On 31 October 1944, the Royal Air Force bombed the Gestapo's headquarters in residence halls 4 and 5, also killing ten civilian workers. 2 Group Bomber Command carried out the bombing by using 25 Mosquito planes. The air strike on the University of Aarhus took place in a heavily populated area and the campus was surrounded by three hospitals. To avoid civilian casualties, the RAF prepared with a model of the campus, shooting at residence halls 4 and 5 with chalk bags. The architect C. F. Møller was in the main building during the air strike but survived and was later dug free from the rubble. The reconstructed main building opened on 11 September 1946.Aarhus University was an independent institution until 1970 and Universitets-Samvirket and the city council had representatives in the management. Hereafter, the university became a state-run institution under the first University Act. Under the next University Act (1992), people outside the university were once again represented in the administration and under 2003 Act, all Danish universities are governed by a university board. This board appoints rector, deans and heads of departments instead of the students. It commenced in January 2004 for the first time and in August 2005 it appointed a rector.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>In 1994 the university was a scene of a shooting; 3 people (including the perpetrator) were killed and two more were injured.aarhus University has hosted musical events. The Grateful Dead played here on April 16, 1972. The performance was recorded as part of their Europe '72 tour.in the recent years several higher education institutions have been merged into Aarhus University. Following the Danish University reform of 2006,[citation needed] it merged with the HIH[clarification needed] in Herning and the DPU[clarification needed] in Copenhagen, making the university nationwide and adding 6,000 students. In 2012, Aarhus University's School of Engineering was merged with the university proper, making it Denmarks' largest.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i> The campus master plan competition was won in 1931 by the collaborative scheme of Danish architects Kay Fisker, C. F. Møller and Povl Stegmann in collaboration with landscape architect Carl Theodor Sørensen. The design includes a wide variety of buildings over a large space, but each building is composed of the same yellow brick and roofing tile, giving the whole campus a unified look. Construction commenced in 1932 and has continued into the 21st century. The original main building was one of the first Danish functionalist public buildings and has been included in the Ministry of Culture's canon of Danish architecture; it is acknowledged as one of the twelve most meaningful architectural works in the cultural history of Denmark. C. F. Møller and his company, C. F. Møller Architects have continued as architects of the campus ever since. The main buildings of the university are placed in and around a beautiful hilly landscape -Universitetsparken, The University Park, which has been expanded throughout the years. In a harmonic interplay with the hilly park, the yellow buildings form a beautiful campus which has received international recognitions.aarhus University also has a small campus in Copenhagen (approx. 6.000 students), where the university's programmes in education and pedagogic are taught and researched. In the city of Herning there is also a small campus where a few of the university's business, engineering and technology programmes are taught, the AU Herning division.</i></span></span></span></div>
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Aarhus University

Aarhus University (Danish: Aarhus Universitet, abbreviated AU) is a public university located in Aarhus, Denmark. Founded in 1928, it is ...

University of Arkansas

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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The University of Arkansas (often shortened to U of A, UARK, or just UA) is a public, co-educational, land-grant, space-grant, research university located in Fayetteville, in the U.S. state of Arkansas. It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System which comprises six main campuses within the state – the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, the University of Arkansas at Monticello, the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. More than 26,000 students[5] are enrolled in over 188 undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs. It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with very high research activity. Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871, its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22, 1872. It is noted for its strong architecture, agriculture (particularly animal science and poultry science), business, communication disorders, creative writing, history, law, and Middle Eastern studies programs.the University of Arkansas completed its "Campaign for the 21st Century" in 2005, in which the university raised more than $1 billion for the school, used in part to create a new Honors College and significantly increase the university's endowment. Among these gifts were the largest donation given to a business school at the time ($50 million), and the largest gift given to a public university in America ($300 million), both given by the Walton Family Charitable Support Foundation.<br /><br />Total enrollment for the fall semester of 2014 was 26,237.The university campus comprises exactly 360 buildings on 512 acres (2.07 km2), including Old Main, the first permanent academic building erected, and The Inn at Carnall Hall, which serves as an on-campus hotel and restaurant facility. Academic programs are in excess of 200. The current ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1.the University of Arkansas was founded in 1871 on the site of a hilltop farm that overlooked the Ozark Mountains, giving it the nickname "The Hill".the university was established under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862. The university's founding also satisfied the provision in the Arkansas Constitution of 1868 that the General Assembly was to "establish and maintain a State University."location of the university was determined by bids from state towns and counties. The citizens of Fayetteville and Washington County. pledged $130,000 toward securing the university, a sum that proved to be more than other offers. This was in response to the competition created by the Arkansas General Assembly's Organic Act of 1871, providing for the "location, organization and maintenance of the Arkansas Industrial University with a normal department [i.e., teacher education] therein." Classes started on January 22, 1872.<br /><br />Completed in 1875, Old Main, a two-towered brick building designed in the Second Empire style, was the primary instructional and administrative building. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its design was based on the plans for the main academic building at the University of Illinois, which has since burned down.However, the clock and bell towers were switched at Arkansas. The northern taller tower is the bell tower, and the southern shorter tower is the clock tower. One legend for the tower switch is that the taller tower was put to the north as a reminder of the Union victory during the Civil War.[18] A second legend is that the contractor accidentally swapped the tower drawings after having had too much to drink. Although the southern tower was designed with clock faces, it never held a working clock until October 2005. The bell tower has always had some type of chime, initially a bell that was rung on the hour by student volunteers. Electronic chimes were installed in 1959. In addition to the regular chimes of the clock, the university's Alma Mater plays at 5 pm every day. Old Main housed many of the earliest classes taught at the university, and has served as the offices of every college within the university during its history. Today, in addition to hosting classes, it contains the restored Giffels Auditorium and historic displays, as well as the administrative offices of the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences.the lawn at Old Main serves as an arboretum, with many of the trees native to the state of Arkansas found on the lawn. Sitting at the edge of the lawn is Spoofer's Stone, a place for couples to meet and pass notes. Students play soccer, cricket and touch football on the lawn's open green.<br /><br />Beginning with the class of 1876, the names of students at University of Arkansas are inscribed in "Senior Walk" and wind across campus for more than five miles (2.5 miles of sidewalk). The sidewalk is one of a kind nationally. More recently, the names of all the recipients of honorary degrees were also added, including such notables as J. Edgar Hoover, Queen Noor, President Bill Clinton, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.one of the more unusual structures at Arkansas is the Chi Omega Greek Theatre, a gift to the school by the national headquarters of the sorority. It marked the first time in the history of Greek letter social organizations that a national sorority had presented a memorial of its foundation to the institution where it was founded.[18] Chi Omega was organized on April 5, 1895, at the University of Arkansas and is the mother (Psi) chapter of the national organization. The theater has been used for commencements, convocations, concerts, dramas and pep rallies. The largest crowd ever assembled there – upwards of 6,000, according to professor Walter J. Lemke – was for a concert by the Army Air Corps Band during World War II. From 1934 to 1991, the space under the stage was used for a rifle range by the Army ROTCthe University of Arkansas became the first major Southern public university to admit an African-American student without litigation when Silas Hunt of Texarkana, an African American veteran of World War II, was admitted to the university's School of Law in 1948. Roy Wilkins, administrator of the NAACP, wrote in 1950 that Arkansas was the "very first of the Southern states to accept the new trend without fighting a delaying action or attempting to . . . limit, if not nullify, bare compliance." Today the School of Law continues to receive national awards and recognition for its high degree of diversity.<br /><br />Vitamin E was co-discovered by UA Agricultural Chemistry Professor Barnett Sure (1920–51). Sure, along with fellow professor Marinus C. Kik (1927–67) made major advances in nutrition science during their long tenures at the University of Arkansas. Sure co-discovered vitamin E, and extended knowledge of how vitamin E, amino acids and B-vitamins function on reproduction and lactation. Kik developed the process for parboiling rice (a major agricultural crop in the state) to increase retention of vitamins and shorten cooking time. He documented benefits of adding fish and chicken to rice and grain diets to provide adequate protein for a growing world population. Sure and Kik were Agricultural Experiment Station scientists and professors in the UA Department of Agricultural Chemistry, which merged in 1964 with Home Economics, now the School of Human Environmental Sciences.<br />In the 1920s, Loy Barton, an engineering graduate student at the University of Arkansas, set forth the principle of high-level Class B plate modulation for radio transmission and developed the technology that allowed small- and medium-size AM radio stations to flourish across the United States. Barnett later joined RCA and continued research on broadcast technology into the 1960s.<br /><br />The most widely implemented automated mail sorting equipment in the world–the Wide Area Bar Code Reader–was developed by the University of Arkansas College of Engineering. A $50,000 grant from the United States Postal Service (USPS) to Professors Dwight F. Mix and J.E. Bass in 1989 began the research and development effort. By 1999, more than 15,000 University of Arkansas bar code readers were located in every major USPS facility, increasing the efficiency of processing 20 billion pieces of mail a year at a savings of $200 million. This R&D effort has spawned four additional electronic systems to help the USPS "read the mail."during the 1980s, Professors Allen Hermann and Zhengzhi Sheng of the Department of Physics were in the vanguard of research in superconductivity: the phenomenon whereby Direct Current (DC) electricity, once started, can flow essentially forever. The Thallium-based material they discovered at Arkansas held the world's record for high temperature, 125K, for five years (1988–93) and drew international attention to the university. Their work led to numerous patents and a manufacturing agreement, as well as further advances in high-density electronics.<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">University of Arkansas plant pathologists George Templeton, Roy Smith (USDA), David TeBeest and graduate student Jim Daniels conducted research in the early 1970s that led to COLLEGO, the first biological herbicide for weed control in a field crop. Other UA scientists and students worked on the project that resulted in EPA registration of COLLEGO by Upjohn in 1982 for control of northern jointvetch in rice and soybeans. The work provided a model used worldwide to develop biological herbicides. Leadership in this area helped the U of A obtain grants from the USDA and others for construction of the Rosen Center for Alternative Pest Control.tuition did not rise for the 2009–10 academic year at the University of Arkansas, thanks in part to a $1 million donation from the Athletics Department.[19] The average tuition nationally rose 6.6%.[20] On April 16, 2010, the University of Arkansas Board of Trustees announced system-wide tuition increases of 3%–6.9% to combat decreases in state funding and increased enrollments. The University of Arkansas flagship campus experienced a 4.8% increase in tuition and fees for the 2010–11 academic year.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">The University of Arkansas offers more than 200 programs of study leading to bachelors, masters, doctoral, and law degrees. Academic programs are organized into numerous departments and schools based out of the ten primary colleges on the main campus. The university and several of its programs have been recognized on the national level. In recent years, the University of Arkansas has been recognized as a "Top-Tier National University",one of the "Best 371 Colleges", a "Best Southeastern College", and one of the "50 Best Public College Values". In addition to the university's recognitions, several colleges have received special distinctions. The Sam M. Walton College of Business is ranked as the 24th top public business school in the nation, and is ranked 42nd amongst all public and private schools. It has also been recognized for its 6th ranked public Marketing program, 6th ranked public Corporate Strategy program,9th ranked Accounting program in its division, 15th ranked public Supply Chain Management program, and 25th ranked public Masters in Business Administration program. The Fay Jones School of Architecture has been ranked as the 20th top undergraduate architecture program, and ranked with "notable distinction" into the list of America's World Class Schools of Architecture. The University of Arkansas School of Law has been ranked as a top 100 "Best Law School". The Creative Writing program in the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences has been ranked as the 5th best program in the nation. Other colleges with notable or nationally ranked programs include the Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences and the College of Engineering.</span></i></span></div>
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University of Arkansas

The University of Arkansas (often shortened to U of A, UARK, or just UA) is a public, co-educational, land-grant, space-grant, resear...

Acadia University

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<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Acadia University is a predominantly undergraduate university located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada with some graduate programs at the master's level and one at the doctoral level. The enabling legislation consists of Acadia University Act  and the Amended Acadia University Act 2000. The Wolfville Campus houses Acadia University Archives  and the Acadia University Art Gallery. Acadia offers over 200 degree combinations in the Faculties of Arts, Pure and Applied Science, Professional Studies, and Theology. The student-faculty ratio is 15:1 and the average class size is 28. Open Acadia offers correspondence and distance education courses.Acadia University is a predominantly undergraduate university located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada with some graduate programs at the master's level and one at the doctoral level. The enabling legislation consists of Acadia University Act and the Amended Acadia University Act 2000 The Wolfville Campus houses Acadia University Archives  and the Acadia University Art Gallery.Acadia offers over 200 degree combinations in the Faculties of Arts, Pure and Applied Science, Professional Studies, and Theology. The student-faculty ratio is 15:1 and the average class size is 28. Open Acadia offers correspondence and distance education courses.<br /><br />Acadia began as an extension of Horton Academy (1828), which was founded in Horton, Nova Scotia, by Baptists from Nova Scotia and Queen's College (1838). The College was later named Acadia College. Acadia University, established at Wolfville, Nova Scotia in 1838 has a strong Baptist religious affiliation.<br />it was designed to prepare men for the ministry and to supply education for lay members.<br />the two major Universities of the day in Nova Scotia were heavily controlled by Denominational structures. King's College (University of King's College) was an Anglican School and Dalhousie University, which was originally non-denominational, had placed itself under the control and direction of the Church of Scotland. It was the failure of Dalhousie to appoint a prominent Baptist pastor and scholar, Edmund Crawley, to the Chair of Classics, as had been expected, that really thrust into the forefront of Baptist thinking the need for a College established and run by the Baptists.<br /><br />In 1838, the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society founded Queen's College (named for Queen Victoria). The College began with 21 students in January 1839. The name "Queen's College" was denied to the Baptist school, so it was renamed "Acadia College" in 1841, in reference to the history of the area as an Acadian settlement. Acadia College awarded its first degrees in 1843 and became Acadia University in 1891,established by the Acadia University Act.the Granville Street Baptist Church (now First Baptist Church (Halifax)) was an instrumental and determining factor in the founding of the University. It has played a supporting role throughout its history, and shares much of the credit for its survival and development. Many individuals who have made significant contributions to Acadia University, including the first president John Pryor, were members of the First Baptist Church Halifax congregation. Similarly, the adjacent Wolfville United Baptist Church plays a significant role in the life of the university.and be it further enacted, that no religious tests or subscriptions shall be required of the Professors Fellows, Scholars, Graduates or Officers of the said College; but that all the privileges and advantages thereof shall be open and free to all and every Person and Persons whomsoever, without regard to religious persuasion ... And it shall and may be lawful for the trustees and Governors of the said College to select as Professors, and other Teaches or Officers, competent persons of any religious persuasion whatever, provided such person or persons shall be of moral and religious character.<br /><br />This was unique at the time, and a direct result of Baptists being denied entry into other schools that required religious tests of their students and staff.in 1851, the power of appointing governors was transferred from the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces.<br />charles Osborne Wickenden (architect), and J.C. Dumaresq designed the Central Building, Acadia College, 1878–79. clara Belle Marshall, from Mount Hanley, Nova Scotia, became the first woman to graduate from Acadia University in 1879.in 1891, there were changes in the Act of Incorporation.the War Memorial House (more generally known as Barrax), which is a residence, and War Memorial Gymnasium  are landmark buildings on the campus of Acadia University. The Memorial Hall and Gymnasium honours students who had enlisted and died in the First World War, and in the Second World War. Two granite shafts, which are part of the War Memorial Gymnasium complex at Acadia University, are dedicated to the university's war dead.The War Memorial House is dedicated to the war dead from Acadia University during the Second World War andrew R. Cobb designed several campus buildings including: Raynor Hall Residence, 1916; Horton House, designed by Cobb in the Georgian style, and built by James Reid of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia was opened in 1915 as Horton Academy. Today, Horton Hall is the home of the Department of Psychology and Research and Graduate Studies.emmerson Hall, Acadia University, was originally built 1913 as Emerson Memorial Library and shows strong Beaux Arts influences. It was erected to honour the memory of the Reverend R. H. Emmerson (1826–1857), father of the former premier of New Brunswick, H. R. Emmerson.emmerson Hall, built in 1913, is particularly interesting for the variety of building stones used. In 1967 Emmerson Hall was converted to classrooms and offices for the School of Education. It is a registered Heritage Property.<br /><br />Unveiled on 16 August 1963, a wooden and metal organ in Manning Chapel, Acadia University, is dedicated to Acadia University's war dead of the First World War. A memorial pipe organ in Convovation Hall, Acadia University is dedicated to the members of Acadia University killed during the First World War  A book of remembrance in Manning Chapel, Acadia University was unveiled on 1 March 1998 through the efforts of the Wolfville Historical Society in 1966, the Baptist denomination relinquished direct control over the University. The denomination maintains nine seats on the University's Board of Governors.<br />on 4 January 2008, Dr. Gail Dinter-Gottlieb decided to step down as President and Vice Chancellor of the University before her term expired. Her resignation was effective 29 February 2008. Ray Ivany began his position as President and Vice-Chancellor on 1 April 2009.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>In 1996, Acadia University pioneered the use of mobile computing technology in a post-secondary educational environment.this academic initiative, named the Acadia Advantage, integrated the use of notebook computers into the undergraduate curriculum and featured innovations in teaching. By 2000, all full-time, undergraduate Acadia students were taking part in the initiative. The initiative went beyond leasing notebook computers to students during the academic year, and included training, user support and the use of course-specific applications at Acadia that arguably revolutionized learning at the Wolfville, N.S. campus and beyond.because of its pioneering efforts, Acadia is a laureate of Washington's Smithsonian Institution and a part of the permanent research collection of the National Museum of American History. It is the only Canadian university selected for inclusion in the Education and Academia category of the Computerworld Smithsonian Award.in addition, Acadia University received the Pioneer Award for Ubiquitous Computing. In 2001, it achieved high rankings in the annual Maclean's University Rankings, including Best Overall for Primarily Undergraduate University in their opinion survey, and it received the Canadian Information Productivity Award in 1997 as it was praised as the first university in Canada to fully utilize information technology in the undergraduate curriculum.<br /><br />In October 2006, Dr. Dinter-Gottlieb established a commission to review the Acadia Advantage learning environment 10 years after inception. The mandate of the commission was to determine how well the current Advantage program meets the needs of students, faculty, and staff and to examine how the role of technology in the postsecondary environment has changed at Acadia, and elsewhere. The commission was asked to recommend changes and enhancements to the Acadia Advantage that would benefit the entire university community and ensure its sustainability.some of the recommendations coming from the Acadia Advantage Renewal Report included developing a choice of model specifications and moving from Acadia-issued, student-leased notebook computers to a student-owned computer model. The compelling rationale for this was the integral role technology now plays in our lives, which was not present in 1996.the University was also advised to unbundle its tuition structure so that the cost of an Acadia education is more detailed and students can understand how their investment in the future of the school is allotted. In September 2008, Acadia moved to a student-owned notebook computer version of the Acadia Advantage, now named Acadia Advantage 2.0.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Acadia's sports teams are called the Axemen and Axewomen. They participate in the Atlantic University Sports conference of Canadian Interuniversity Sport.school spirit abounds with men's and women's varsity teams that have delivered more conference and national championships than any other institution in Atlantic University Sport. Routinely, more than one-third of Acadia's varsity athletes also achieve Academic All-Canadian designation through Canadian Interuniversity Sport by maintaining a minimum average of 80 per cent.expansion and modernization of Raymond Field was completed in the fall of 2007 and features the installation of an eight-lane all-weather running track and a move to the same premium artificial turf used by the New England Patriots of the National Football League for its main playing field. The Raymond Field modernization was a gift to the university by friends, alumni, and the province. War Memorial Gymnasium also saw the installation of a new playing floor to benefit its basketball and volleyball teams.in September 2006, Acadia University announced its partnership with the Wolfville Tritons Swim Club and the Acadia Masters Swim Club to form the Acadia Swim Club and return competitive swimming to the university after a 14-year hiatus. On 26 September 2008, the university announced its intention to return swimming to a varsity status in September 2009.</i></span></span></div>

Acadia University

Acadia University is a predominantly undergraduate university located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada with some graduate programs at th...

Education in Australia

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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><i><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ducation in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the states and territories. Each state or territory government provides funding and regulates the public and private schools within its governing area. The federal government helps fund the public universities, but was not involved in setting university curriculum. As of 2012, the Australian National Curriculum, under development and trial for several years, has already been adopted by some schools and will become mandatory soon. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (Universities, TAFE colleges and Vocation Education and Training providers/VET providers).<br /><br />The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 evaluation ranked the Australian education system as sixth for reading, eighth for science and thirteenth for mathematics, on a worldwide scale including 56 countries.The PISA 2009 evaluation ranked the Australian education system as sixth for reading, seventh for science and ninth for mathematics, an improvement relative to the 2006 rankings.in 2012, education firm Pearson ranked Australian education as thirteenth in the world the Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2006, lists Australia as 0.993, amongst the highest in the world, tied for first with Denmark and Finland.education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of five and fifteen to seventeen, depending on the state or territory, and date of birth.Post-compulsory education is regulated within the Australian Qualifications Framework, a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training (TAFE) and the higher education sector (university).<br /><br />The academic year in Australia varies between states and institutions, but generally runs from late January/early February until mid-December for primary and secondary schools, with slight variations in the inter-term holidays and TAFE colleges, and from late February until mid-November for universities with seasonal holidays and breaks for each educational institute.Pre-school and pre-prep programmes in Australia are relatively unregulated, and are not compulsory. The first exposure many Australian children have to learning with others outside of traditional parenting is day care or a parent-run playgroup.This sort of activity is not generally considered schooling, as pre-school education is separate from primary school in all states and territories, except Western Australia where pre-school education is taught as part of the primary school system. In Queensland, pre-school programmes are often called Kindergarten or Pre-Prep, and are usually privately run but attract state government funding if run for at least 600 hours a year and delivered by a registered teacher.<br /><br />Pre-schools are usually run by the state and territory governments, except in Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales where they are more often run by local councils, community groups or private organisations.Pre-school is offered to three- to five-year-olds; attendance numbers vary widely between the states, but 85.7% of children attended pre-school the year before school.The year before a child is due to attend primary school is the main year for pre-school education. This year is far more commonly attended, and may take the form of a few hours of activity during weekdays.responsibility for pre-schools in New South Wales and Victoria, lies with the Department of Education and Communities and the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), respectively.] In all other states and territories of Australia, responsibility for pre-schools lie with the relevant education department.<br />The average net cost (taking into account the Child Care Benefit and Child Care Tax Rebate entitlements) for a long day care in Australia is $3.85 per hour, or a net cost of around $46 a day for a long day care service offering 12-hour days.</span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><i><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">School education in Australia is compulsory between certain ages as specified by state or territory legislation. Depending on the state or territory, and date of birth of the child, school is compulsory from the age of five to six to the age of fifteen to seventeen. In recent years, over three quarters of students stay at school until they are seventeen. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic and independent schools. A small portion of students are legally home-schooled, particularly in rural areas.Government schools (also known as public schools) are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, while Catholic and independent schools usually charge attendance fees.However in addition to attendance fees, stationery, textbooks, uniforms, school camps and other schooling costs are not covered under government funding. The additional cost for schooling has been estimated to be on average $316 per year per child.regardless of whether a school is part of the Government, Catholic or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for some flexibility in the syllabus, so that subjects such as religious education can be taught. Most school students wear uniforms, although there are varying expectations and some Australian schools do not require uniforms. A common movement among secondary schools to support student voice has taken form as organisations such as VicSRC in Victoria bring together student leaders to promote school improvement.notable state government schools include: Adelaide High School, Albert Park College, Balwyn High School, Box Hill High School, Brunswick Secondary College, Glenunga International High School, Glen Waverley Secondary College, Marryatville High School, McKinnon Secondary College, Melbourne Girls' College, Mount Waverley Secondary College, Princes Hill Secondary College, Rossmoyne Senior High School, Sefton High School and University High School, Melbourne. Notable selective state schools include: Baulkham Hills High School, Brisbane State High School, Fort Street High School, Girraween High School, Penrith High School, Hornsby Girls High School, James Ruse Agricultural High School, John Monash Science School, Mac.Robertson Girls' High School, Melbourne High School, Normanhurst Boys' High School, North Sydney Boys High School, Nossal High School, Suzanne Cory High School, Sydney Boys High School, North Sydney Girls High School, Sydney Girls High School, Sydney Technical High School, Smiths Hill High School and Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School.</span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4c1130;"><i><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Students may be slightly younger or older than stated below, due to variation between states and territories. The name for the first year of primary school varies considerably between states and territories, e.g. what is known as kindergarten in ACT and NSW may mean the year preceding the first year of primary school or preschool in other states and territories.Some states vary in whether Year 7 is part of the primary or secondary years, as well as the existence of a middle school system.tertiary education (or higher education) in Australia is primarily study at university or a technical college[63] in order to receive a qualification or further skills and training.A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government, a State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory.VET providers, both public and private are registered by State and Territory governments.there are several prominent universities located in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There are 43 universities in Australia: 40 public universities, two international universities, one private university. The largest university in Australia is Monash University in Melbourne: it has five campuses and 75,000 students.there are non-self-accrediting higher education providers accredited by State and Territory authorities, numbering more than 150 as listed on State and Territory registers. These include several that are registered in more than one State and Territory.</span></span></i></span></div>

Education in Australia

ducation in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the states and territories. Each state or territory government provides fundi...

College of Sorbonne

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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">The College of Sorbonne (French: Collège de Sorbonne) was a theological college of the University of Paris, founded in 1253 by Robert de Sorbon (1201-1274), after whom it was named. With the rest of the Paris colleges, it was suppressed during the French Revolution. It was restored in 1808 but finally closed in 1882. In recent times it came to refer to the group of academic faculties of the University of Paris, as opposed to the professional faculties of law and medicine.It is also used to refer to the main building of the University of Paris in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, which houses several faculties created when the University was divided up into thirteen autonomous universities in 1970.<br /><br />Robert de Sorbon was the son of peasants from the village of Sorbon in the Ardennes, who had become a master of theology, a chanoine of the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, and the confessor and chaplain of King Louis IX (Saint Louis). At the time that he founded his college, the University of Paris had already been in existence for half a century, and already had thousands of students. Obtaining a higher degree in theology could take as long as twenty years, and therefore required considerable financial support. Students who belonged to the religious orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans, or from the large monasteries of Cluny or Citeaux, received housing and board from their religious orders, but independent students did not. Sorbon founded his college to provide housing and board for poorer students of theology who did not have such support.<br /><br />Sorbon purchased several houses on Rue Coupe-Gueule (now Rue de la Sorbonne) and made them into lodging for students. The college opened in 1257 with about twenty students, called socii. As the college grew, Sorbon provided a library containing over a thousand volumes by 1292, the largest in the university, and a chapel.the Sorbonne became the most distinguished theological institution in France, and its doctors were frequently called upon to render opinions on important ecclesiastical and theological issues. In 1470, the Sorbonne had one of the first printing presses in France. It was particularly active in the effort to suppress heresy and the spread of Protestant doctrines. Its students included Cardinal Richelieu, who studied there from 1606 to 1607. Richelieu became Proviseur, or administrator of the college on 29 August 1622. Between 1635 and 1642, Richelieu renovated the Sorbonne; he consolidated the Sorbonne with two smaller colleges, and built a complex of new buildings, including a domed chapel, around a large courtyard. Richelieu left a large part of his fortune and his library to the Sorbonne, and he was buried in the chapel. Only the chapel remains of the Richelieu era buildings.<br /><br />The Sorbonne was closed to students in 1791 during the French Revolution. For a brief time, under Robespierre, the chapel became a Temple of Reason. Napoleon turned the college buildings into studios for artists. In 1822, it became the home of the faculties of letters, sciences and theology of the University of Paris. In 1885, as part of the Third Republic policy of separation of church and state, the theology faculty was officially closed. The old buildings of the Sorbonne, with the exception of the chapel, were demolished and the new Sorbonne building, designed by Henri Paul Nénot, opened in 1889, the centenary of the French Revolution. It contained a large amphitheater, reception halls and meeting rooms, the offices of the rector of the University of Paris, and the faculties of arts and sciences. The chapel was no longer used for religious services, but only for official ceremonies and exhibitions.in 1971, as a result of the riots of demonstrations of May 1968, the University of Paris was broken up into thirteen independent faculties. The New Sorbonne building became the home of the Universities of Paris I, II, III, IV, V, the École Nationale des Chartes, and the École pratique des hautes études.Robert de Sorbon was a native of Le Réthelois, a distinguished professor and famous preacher who lived from 1201 till 1274. Sorbon found that there was a defect in the primitive organization of the University of Paris. The two principal mendicant orders—the Dominicans and the Franciscans—each had colleges at Paris where they delivered lectures which extern students could attend without fee.<br /><br />Robert de Sorbon decided that the university should also provide free instruction, so that it could compete with the religious orders. Further, he believed the society of professors should follow the practices of the cenobitic life, except in vows. His important work was made possible by the high esteem in which de Sorbon was held at Paris, together with his intellectual brilliance, great generosity, and the assistance of his friends. The foundation dates from 1257 or the beginning of 1258. Guillaume de Saint-Amour, Gérard d'Abbeville, Henry of Ghent, Guillaume des Grez, Odo or Eudes of Douai, Chrétien de Beauvais, Gérard de Reims, Nicolas de Bar were among the most illustrious scholars connected either with the first chairs in the Sorbonne, or with the first association that constituted it. These savants were already attached to the university staff.The constitution of the society as conceived by De Sorbon was simple: an administrator (provisor), associates (socii), and guests (hospites). The provisor was the head; nothing could be done without consulting him; he installed the members selected by the society, and confirmed the statutes drawn up by it; he had to provide for everything.the associates formed the body of the society. To be admitted to it, the candidate was required to have taught a course of philosophy. There were two kinds of associates, the bursaires and the pensionnaires. The latter paid forty (Paris) pounds a year; the former were provided for by the house. The burse could be granted only to persons not having an income of forty (Paris) pounds. There was a primus inter pares, the prior, who presided over all internal affairs of the house.doctors and bachelors were alike eligible, but, owing to the number of the latter, the custom rapidly grew up of selecting only bachelors. Other persons were candidates for admission to the society rather than members of it. From the material and intellectual point of view, they enjoyed the same privileges as the members: board, lodging, books, spiritual and scholastic exercises but they had no votes. When they had fulfilled the condition of teaching philosophy, they were admissible as members. The course of studies lasted ten years, during which time their burses continued; but if, at the end of ten years, they had not given proof of their ability, either as teachers or as preachers, they had to give up their burse.The ordinary lectures were public, and consequently were attended by students who belonged to neither of the divisions of the society. The doctors and bachelors were authorized to give shelter to other poor pupils. Besides the work of the classroom, there was the duty of preaching or labouring in the parishes. In preparation for this, the associates, on certain days, had to deliver sermons or conferences (collationes) to the community. The purely spiritual side was not forgotten. Conferences, usually delivered by the prior, on this important part of the Christian and priestly life were given especially to the interns.<br /><br />For twenty years the ability of the administrator, or provisor, corresponded to the foreseeing devotedness of the founder. This stretch of time showed the effectiveness of the administrative measures which De Sorbon had adopted. He had written down the rules in thirty-eight articles. This rule was directed towards the maintenance of common life, from silence in the refectory, to simplicity of authorized dress. As circumstances permitted, about 1271 De Sorbon added a literary college: this was the Collège de Calvi or the "little Sorbonne.the constitution which Robert de Sorbon gave to his college lasted for centuries. If Claude Héméré (1574–1650, librarian of the Sorbonne) saw in the project the conception of a powerful intellect, "Hoc primus in lycaeo Parisiensi vidit Robertus", its realization became a model college for others. The expression Pauvres maîtres et étudiants en théologie seems to emphasize the two primary characteristics of the society: equality in poverty, an equality so perfect between masters and pupils that it designated them by a common name; the poverty of the pupils, since most of them were bursaires; the poverty of the masters, since, content with what was strictly necessary, they renounced all other professional remuneration. This equality was always maintained with scrupulous care; the Sorbon repeated as an axiom, Omnes nos sumus socii et aequales, and referred to the college as pauperem nostram Sorbonem.<br /><br />From the outset the college enjoyed the favour of the Holy See. Pope Alexander IV (1259) urged the French bishops to support it, Urban IV (1262) recommended it to the goodwill of the whole Christian world, and Clement IV (1268) granted it papal approbation. Wealthy benefactors provided it with ample endowment. A high standard of scholarship was maintained and the severity of the actus Sorbonnicus, or examination for degrees, including the defence of the "thesis Robertina", became proverbial. The professorial corps was highly respected. From all parts of Europe, theological and political questions were sent to it for solution.in 1470 the Sorbonne introduced the art of printing into France by calling to Paris three of Gutenberg's associates, Gering, Friburger, and Crantz. Among its principal patrons and benefactors was Cardinal Richelieu, who held for a time the office of provisor and who, in 1635, laid the cornerstone of an edifice to be built at his expense for the use of the college. He was buried in the church of the Sorbonne, where his tomb is still preserved.<br /> </span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">The doctors of the college were loyal defenders of the Catholic faith against the inroads of Protestantism and the Enlightenment. As other teachers of theology in the university became members of the Sorbonne, by the beginning of the sixteenth century, its staff was practically identical with the university faculty. De Sorbon had created a library. It expanded rapidly, due to numerous gifts.on the other hand the professors gave their support to Gallicanism and obliged their members to subscribe to the "four articles". This attitude naturally weakened the prestige of the Sorbonne as a theological school. Ecclesiastical students had to seek their education in the seminaries. The Sorbonne itself was suppressed by decree of 5 April 1792, after the French Revolution.napoleon restored it in 1808 as the theological faculty of the newly organized university. It did not, however, regain its former standing or influence, though it continued in existence until 1882, when it was finally suppressed. In 1884 the construction of the present building was begun and it was completed in 1889. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was occupied by the various departments of letters and science which formed the École des Hautes Etudes.</span></span></i>

College of Sorbonne

The College of Sorbonne (French: Collège de Sorbonne) was a theological college of the University of Paris, founded in 1253 by Robert de ...